History Of Online Media
Internet is relatively new media. It was only in the late 80s and early 90s that the World Wide Web (WWW) emerged and started influencing the way people live. Journalism has not left behind. The early use of internet was for acquiring information and using computer to improve reporting, but by the half of the 90s, the newspapers were already on the internet serving the people worldwide. Online is a situation in which two or more persons are connecting through their computers. A medium provides an access to digital information. It also provides unique opportunity for journalist to combines still and moving pix, sound, text, image. It has very useful for search anything else and interact with anyone. With its help, anyone can get access to the whole world within a few seconds and can search whatever information she or he requires. In 1964, for example Robert Kenagy of IBM told the Associated Press Editors association that the computer will remove a great deal of the drudgery that exists in the newsroom today and free all people in the editorial department to be far more creative. Other editors felt that used properly. Computers can free the editors’ mind from details and be a valuable tool the more creative aspects of editing.
Most communication networks were limited by their nature to only allow communications within the stations on the local network and the prevalent computer networking method was based on the central mainframe computer model. Several research programs began to explore and articulate principles of networking between physically separate networks, leading to the development of the Packet switching model of digital networking. These research efforts included those of the laboratories of Donald Davies (NPL), Paul Baran (RAND Coprpration), and Leonard Klienrock at Mit and at UCLA. The concept of the network could be separated from its physical implementation. This spread of internetworking began to form into the idea of a global network that would be called the Internet based on standardized protocols officially implemented in 1982. Adoption and interconnection occurred quickly across the advanced telecommunication networks of the western world, and then began to penetrate into the rest of the world.
Internet service providers run privately in 1980s, and the internet’s expansion for popular use in the 1990s, which ha had a drastic impact on culture and commerce.This, includes the rise of near instant communication by electronic mail (e- mail) text based discussion forums, and the World Wide Web. Ray Tomilson of Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) creates sign @ sends the first e-mail message. Internet continues to grow, driven by commerce, greater amounts of online information and knowledge and social networking known as Web 2.0.
1987 CompuServe announce the GIF graphics format, with lossless compression, transparency, and animation capability. Nowhere much to use it yet, however, as no World Wide Web.
1988 The Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) is established. They develop the MPEG video compression formats used primarily on CDs / DVDs but also, to a limited extent, and much later, online
1989 Tim Berners-Lee, working at CERN, releases the first proposal for the World Wide Web. The proposal includes HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), the primary basis for formatting web pages to this day.
1970s VCR invented and early 1980s CD invented. Moreover, new types of storage disk DVD that called as a Digital visual disk and later Digital Versatile Disk calls it now. DVD holds seven times more than CD.
1991 The World Wide Web is launched. One of the first web cams was set up at Cambridge University.
1994 The first Netscape browser was launched. Support was provided for the JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) format for displaying photographs online. The first advertisement appeared on the Web, marking the beginning of the online advertising world, which reached $19.3 billion in 2006 in the United States alone.
1996 Microsoft acknowledge that the Internet will be a reality in the long-term and launch Internet Explorer, a free browser.The first instant messaging systems launched.
Microsoft launched NetMeeting, an early web conference service.
1997 The Place Ware Auditorium web conferencing service is launched (Place Ware has since been purchased by Microsoft).The term ‘web log’ coined. Two years later, it is first shortened to ‘blog’.
1998 The term ‘webinar’ is first coined.
1999 Goggle appeared.
2001 Launch of the Wikipedia.
2002 Second Life introduces its online, 3D virtual world.
2003 Skype introduced internet telephony.
2004 Facebook launched.And Flickr, as a way to share photos online. In addition, Firefox, a new browser, based on Netscape Navigator.
2005 YouTube allows video content to be shared online.
2006 Twitter heralds the age of micro-blogging.
Early precursors of the online journalism are believed to be teletext and videotext, introduced and used during 70s and 80s but never took off. In 1978, Bulletin Board System (BBS), information and emails sharing method by direct connection between computers, began. In 1982, StarText, the first newspaper intended to deliver only to computers via videotext was established. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee created the internet. His invention changed the scenario as the WWW offered greater capacity, flexibility, immediacy, permanence, and interactivity.Chicago Tribune of USA began its online venture, the Chicago Online, in 1992. This is the considered the first online media. The first proper news site was put on the internet as early as in 1993 when the The News & Observer in North Carolina was put on the internet through bulletin board system (BBS). After the first internet browser, Mosaic was launched in 1994, it went online as Nando Times. The pioneering site, the Nando Times pages were discontinued May 27, 2003. On January 19, 1995, the first newspapers, which regularly publish on the Web, the Palo Alto Weekly in California, begin twice-weekly postings of its full content.Mercantile Office Systems began the commercial email system in June 1994 and established a separate entity Mercantile Communications for similar services. Before that Nepal Academy for Science and Technology (NAST) and Nepal Forum for Environmental Journalists had used email services as trials. Early services were used by dialing ISD numbers in India for the connection.
On July 15, 1995 Mercantile started providing full online access operating via a lease line through Nepal Telecom with it’s backbone in Singapore. By the end of 1995, Mercantile had approximately 150 subscribers – most of them being the International Non-Governmental Organizations in Kathmandu.WorldLink began internet services as around same time with duplex dial-up lines that dials in USA four times a day. It had around 60 subscribers by January 1996.Nepalese in US began the publication of first online media on Oct 23, 1993 – The Nepal Digest. This continued for 449 issues and closed before it resumed publication again in 2003. On September 7, 1995 The Kathmandu Post went online on the University of Illinois website. It was joint effort of Mercantile Communications, the publication and Rajendra Shrestha, an engineering student who uploaded the news on his personal page provided by the university. Himal Media started archiving it’s publication, Himal South Asia, in it’s own website himalsouthasia.com in 1997.Mercantile established South-Asia.com in 1998 when it archived seven daily and weekly newspapers. The site however only gave the digital version of the printed publications. In 1999, it moved to NepalNews.com paving ways for more newspapers to put up their content on the cyberspace and the company also began serving it’s own news collected by the reporters it employed for the news portal.Kantipur Publications established KantipurOnline.com on April 13, 2000. At initial phase, KantipurOnline.com employed reporters for news reporting. The site not only uploaded the digital version of its publications but also has their original contents with a few reporters working for it. On December 15, 2002 Kamana Group of Publications began newsofnepal.com. Lately all broadsheet dailies along with weeklies and smaller media are available online.Talking about weblog or blog, the first blogsite of Nepal, United We Blog, was established on October 1, 2004. The number of blog sites is also increasing rapidly because one can start it free of cost and without much of technical knowledge.
Everthings are like a coined that have two-side, one side relate to pros and next relates to cons. In this ways this online media also have both side which are given below:
Pros
Private and public functions
Hybrid and flexible in characters
Provide almost all facilities of other media.
Attracts youth and effects of multimedia
Diverse choice of content
Speedy/ timeliness.
Hyperlink to the other information sources.
Feedback reached to journalists rapidly.
Access to archives.
Multimedia publishing i.e. unity of video, audio, text .
Integration of online and offline both newspaper
Upgrading and publishing of news in real time
Cons
Literacy barrier
Violence and vulgarity
Expensive and lack of responsibility
Requires computer and telecommunication
Compuserve announce the GIF graphics format, with lossless compression, transparency and animation capability. Nowhere much to use it yet, however, as no World Wide Web.1988
The Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) is established. They develop the MPEG video compression formats used primarily on CDs / DVDs but also, to a limited extent, and much later, online.1989
Tim Berners-Lee, working at CERN, releases the first proposal for the World Wide Web. The proposal includes HTML (HyperText Markup Language), the primary basis for formatting web pages to this day.1991
The World Wide Web is launched.
One of the first webcams was set up at Cambridge University.
The first graphical MMPORG (Massively Multiplayer Online Roleplaying Game) appears on AOL.1992
The first SMS messages were sent from mobile phones.1994
The first Netscape browser was launched. Support was provided for the JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) format for displaying photographs online.
The first digital cameras were released.1995
Sun Microsystems released the Java programming language, which was designed to support more sophisticated online applications than HTML could manage.
The very first VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) services made it possible to communication online using voice.
The Netscape browser adds support for JavaScript, a scripting language that provides additional functionality to HTML.1996
Microsoft acknowledge that the Internet will be a reality in the long-term and launch Internet Explorer, a free browser.
The first instant messaging systems are launched.
The PNG graphics format is launched.
RealMedia launch their audio streaming service.
Macromedia (since acquired by Adobe) launch Flash as a tool for online animation.
Microsoft launch NetMeeting, an early web conference service.1997
RealMedia extend their streaming to include video.
The PlaceWare Auditorium web conferencing service is launched (PlaceWare has sinced been purchased by Microsoft).
The term ‘weblog’ is coined. Two years later, it is first shortened to ‘blog’.1998
The term ‘webinar’ is first coined.1999
Google appears.
WebEx launches its web conferencing service.
CBT Systems coins the term ‘e-learning’.2001
Launch of the Wikipedia.
Apple sells the first iPods.
The first 3G networks provide broadband capability for mobile phone users.2002
SecondLife introduces its online, 3D virtual world.2003
Skype introduces internet telephony.
Apple launch iTunes as a way to download music tracks.
More camera phones are sold worldwide than stand alone digital cameras.2004
Facebook launches.
And Flickr, as a way to share photos online.
And Firefox, a new browser, based on Netscape Navigator.
Podcasting becomes popular.2005
YouTube allows video content to be shared online.2006
Twitter heralds the age of micro-blogging.2007
Apple launch the iPhone.
At this point, it would be tempting to conclude that we have all of what we need in terms of tools and technologies for delivering online media. But of course we know better than that.
In 1994, the first advertisement appeared on the Web, marking the beginning of the online advertising world, which reached $19.3 billion in 2006 in the United States alone. The Internet advertising world can be broken into five distinct eras:
First Era: The Beginning Of Online Advertising (1994-1998)
The beginning of online advertising was marked by experimentation and pioneering by advertisers, publishers, and ad serving technologies-both in terms of ad formats and ad delivery technologies. DoubleClick, one of the first ad serving technologies, launched its DART system in 1995. The first online display ad was an AT&T ad that appeared on Hotwire.com, a property that Lycos eventually acquired. The ad was a 468 x 60 banner that was placed online on October 25, 1994. Soon after the first online ad appeared, the first major change to online advertising came in 1996, when Hewlett-
Packard embedded Pong (the first video arcade game) into a banner ad-creating one of the first interactive ads on the Internet, ushering in a new era of interactive rich media advertising. From the beginning, advertisers, agencies, and publishers realized that advertising online was both very different from traditional media, and perhaps more compelling. In no other media channel could advertisements be targeted and measured the way they could online. As with many technological innovations, however, the medium was misunderstood for a long period: Traditional advertisers and agencies would wait on the sidelines until the effectiveness of the medium was proven many years later.
Second Era: The Boom Period (1999-2000)
The frenzy that led to the Internet bubble was a rush by thousands of advertisers, many of them online businesses, to get consumers to click. While traditional advertisers in key verticals such as autos, consumer packaged goods, and financial services remained sceptical of the click, the influx of capital from the dot com boom drove pricing to irrational levels, guaranteeing that these cash-laden advertisers would remain in more traditional media, where standards abound and pricing was rational. At the height of this era, Internet spending reached $8.2 billion, a figure that would not be reached again until four years after the bubble burst. Yahoo!'s revenue in the fourth quarter of 2000 reached $311 million, the highest ever until then, and a figure that Yahoo! was not able to exceed until the second quarter of 2003, ten quarters later. The most important contribution of the boom period was the development of many technologies to target and deliver ads. Many advertisers, however, were alienated by the extremely low effectiveness of the online ads, their high prices, and the difficult process of buying online ad inventory.
Third Era: The Bust And The Decline (2000-2002)
Beginning in the second half of 2000, the dot com money that drove the bubble in online advertising began to dry up as the stock market collapsed and the economy began to decline into recession. The Nasdaq peaked in March, 2000 at 5,049 and did not bottom until October 2002, at approximately 1,100. As one dot com after another went bankrupt, so too did the online advertising dollars, causing a dramatic fall in online ad dollars. From 2000-2002, online advertising dollars declined from $8.2 billion to $6.2 billion, a decline of 32%. What made the decline even more pronounced was that many of the large publishers attempted to dis-intermediate the large advertising agencies by going direct to the advertiser. As the market entered an uncertain economic climate, the agencies were not interested in supporting an unproven new media channel.
Fourth Era: The Recovery Period: Search Comes To The Rescue (2002-2004)
Post-bubble, Internet advertising was in rapid decline with the exception of search, which was just beginning to show its high levels of efficiency. Because of its measurability and very high ROI, the U.S. search market quickly grew from $475 million in 2001 to $2.3 billion in 2003. By late 2002, we witnessed the beginning of a recovery in the overall advertising market. Advertisers and agencies increasingly realized the value of online brand advertising, especially for hard-to-reach demographics such as working adults or teens. Additionally, more traditional advertisers (such as consumer packaged goods companies) began to adopt online advertising and are largely driving the growth of display advertising today. Yahoo! also started to see growth, while AOL continued to suffer from declines. In 2003, we finally saw an overall increase in total online ad spending for the first time since 2000. The recovery period extended until 2004, when additional online inventories became popular and Yahoo!'s early resurgence was followed by MSN and vertical sites, then eventually by AOL, and finally by the smaller sites and the networks. At the same time, the role of the agencies in accepting the online inventory increased, albeit slowly and often reluctantly, as it became clear that online advertising is effective and as consumers increasingly spent more of their time on the Internet.
Fifth Era: The New Growth Period: 2004-Present
Since 2004, we have witnessed rapid adoption of the online medium by advertisers and an increasing sophistication of the agencies and advertisers in using the Web as part of an overall marketing campaign or even as the central focus of the campaign. The New Growth period is also marked by a noticeable improvement in the efficacy of the broad online inventory with companies like Advertising.com and others offering highly targeted and very effective inventory to many advertisers. Increasingly, advertisers (including traditional consumer packaged goods advertisers) embraced the Internet as a branding mechanism and a vehicle to launch new products successfully. The hallmark of the New Growth Period is the full integration of the Web as part of the media mix, followed by the increasing position of online marketing, whereby it is now taking dollars at the expense of other mediums. Finally, search has become an important marketing tool and now roughly equals brand advertising in total spending. In the New Growth Period, Internet users have started to take more control of content creation, becoming an active participant in creating content, as opposed to just passively reading content. This increase in user-generated content has served to transform the way advertisers are approaching online advertising: Advertisers must now look to engage the user and often use a form of "viral" marketing to build brands online. Finally, with the increase in broadband adoption, starting in mid-2005, advertisers increasingly began adopting streaming video ads, which we believe will be the prevalent form of display advertising in the future.
First Era: The Beginning Of Online Advertising (1994-1998)
The beginning of online advertising was marked by experimentation and pioneering by advertisers, publishers, and ad serving technologies-both in terms of ad formats and ad delivery technologies. DoubleClick, one of the first ad serving technologies, launched its DART system in 1995. The first online display ad was an AT&T ad that appeared on Hotwire.com, a property that Lycos eventually acquired. The ad was a 468 x 60 banner that was placed online on October 25, 1994. Soon after the first online ad appeared, the first major change to online advertising came in 1996, when Hewlett-
Packard embedded Pong (the first video arcade game) into a banner ad-creating one of the first interactive ads on the Internet, ushering in a new era of interactive rich media advertising. From the beginning, advertisers, agencies, and publishers realized that advertising online was both very different from traditional media, and perhaps more compelling. In no other media channel could advertisements be targeted and measured the way they could online. As with many technological innovations, however, the medium was misunderstood for a long period: Traditional advertisers and agencies would wait on the sidelines until the effectiveness of the medium was proven many years later.
Second Era: The Boom Period (1999-2000)
The frenzy that led to the Internet bubble was a rush by thousands of advertisers, many of them online businesses, to get consumers to click. While traditional advertisers in key verticals such as autos, consumer packaged goods, and financial services remained sceptical of the click, the influx of capital from the dot com boom drove pricing to irrational levels, guaranteeing that these cash-laden advertisers would remain in more traditional media, where standards abound and pricing was rational. At the height of this era, Internet spending reached $8.2 billion, a figure that would not be reached again until four years after the bubble burst. Yahoo!'s revenue in the fourth quarter of 2000 reached $311 million, the highest ever until then, and a figure that Yahoo! was not able to exceed until the second quarter of 2003, ten quarters later. The most important contribution of the boom period was the development of many technologies to target and deliver ads. Many advertisers, however, were alienated by the extremely low effectiveness of the online ads, their high prices, and the difficult process of buying online ad inventory.
Third Era: The Bust And The Decline (2000-2002)
Beginning in the second half of 2000, the dot com money that drove the bubble in online advertising began to dry up as the stock market collapsed and the economy began to decline into recession. The Nasdaq peaked in March, 2000 at 5,049 and did not bottom until October 2002, at approximately 1,100. As one dot com after another went bankrupt, so too did the online advertising dollars, causing a dramatic fall in online ad dollars. From 2000-2002, online advertising dollars declined from $8.2 billion to $6.2 billion, a decline of 32%. What made the decline even more pronounced was that many of the large publishers attempted to dis-intermediate the large advertising agencies by going direct to the advertiser. As the market entered an uncertain economic climate, the agencies were not interested in supporting an unproven new media channel.
Fourth Era: The Recovery Period: Search Comes To The Rescue (2002-2004)
Post-bubble, Internet advertising was in rapid decline with the exception of search, which was just beginning to show its high levels of efficiency. Because of its measurability and very high ROI, the U.S. search market quickly grew from $475 million in 2001 to $2.3 billion in 2003. By late 2002, we witnessed the beginning of a recovery in the overall advertising market. Advertisers and agencies increasingly realized the value of online brand advertising, especially for hard-to-reach demographics such as working adults or teens. Additionally, more traditional advertisers (such as consumer packaged goods companies) began to adopt online advertising and are largely driving the growth of display advertising today. Yahoo! also started to see growth, while AOL continued to suffer from declines. In 2003, we finally saw an overall increase in total online ad spending for the first time since 2000. The recovery period extended until 2004, when additional online inventories became popular and Yahoo!'s early resurgence was followed by MSN and vertical sites, then eventually by AOL, and finally by the smaller sites and the networks. At the same time, the role of the agencies in accepting the online inventory increased, albeit slowly and often reluctantly, as it became clear that online advertising is effective and as consumers increasingly spent more of their time on the Internet.
Fifth Era: The New Growth Period: 2004-Present
Since 2004, we have witnessed rapid adoption of the online medium by advertisers and an increasing sophistication of the agencies and advertisers in using the Web as part of an overall marketing campaign or even as the central focus of the campaign. The New Growth period is also marked by a noticeable improvement in the efficacy of the broad online inventory with companies like Advertising.com and others offering highly targeted and very effective inventory to many advertisers. Increasingly, advertisers (including traditional consumer packaged goods advertisers) embraced the Internet as a branding mechanism and a vehicle to launch new products successfully. The hallmark of the New Growth Period is the full integration of the Web as part of the media mix, followed by the increasing position of online marketing, whereby it is now taking dollars at the expense of other mediums. Finally, search has become an important marketing tool and now roughly equals brand advertising in total spending. In the New Growth Period, Internet users have started to take more control of content creation, becoming an active participant in creating content, as opposed to just passively reading content. This increase in user-generated content has served to transform the way advertisers are approaching online advertising: Advertisers must now look to engage the user and often use a form of "viral" marketing to build brands online. Finally, with the increase in broadband adoption, starting in mid-2005, advertisers increasingly began adopting streaming video ads, which we believe will be the prevalent form of display advertising in the future.
Following commercialization and introduction of privately run Internet service providers in the 1980s, and the Internet's expansion for popular use in the 1990s, the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce. This includes the rise of near instant communication by electronic mail (e-mail), text based discussion forums, and the World Wide Web. Investor speculation in new markets provided by these innovations would also lead to the inflation and subsequent collapse of the Dot-com bubble. But despite this, the Internet continues to grow, driven by commerce, greater amounts of online information and knowledge and social networking known as Web 2.0.
Internet is relatively new media. It was only in the late 80s and early 90s that the World Wide Web (WWW) emerged and started influencing the way people live. Journalism was not left behind. The early use of internet was for acquiring information and using computer to improve reporting, but by the half of the 90s, the newspapers were already on the internet serving the people worldwide.
Early precursors of the online journalism are believed to be teletext and videotext, introduced and used during 70s and 80s but never took off. In 1978, Bulletin Board System (BBS), information and emails sharing method by direct connection between computers, began. In 1982, StarText, the first newspaper intended to deliver only to computers via videotext was established. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee created the internet. His invention changed the scenario as the WWW offered greater capacity, flexibility, immediacy, permanence and interactivity.
Chicago Tribune of USA began its online venture, the Chicago Online, in 1992. This is the considered the first online media. The first proper news site was put on the internet as early as in 1993 when the The News & Observer in North Carolina was put on the internet through bulletin board system (BBS). After the first internet browser, Mosaic was launched in 1994, it went online as Nando Times. The pioneering site, the Nando Times pages were discontinued May 27, 2003. On January 19, 1995, the first newspaper to regularly publish on the Web, the Palo Alto Weekly in California, begins twice-weekly postings of its full content.
Mercantile Office Systems began the commercial email system in June 1994 and established a separate entity Mercantile Communications for similar services. Before that Nepal Academy for Science and Technology (NAST) and Nepal Forum for Environmental Journalists had used email services as trials. Early services were used by dialing ISD numbers in India for the connection.
On July 15, 1995 Mercantile started providing full online access operating via a lease line through Nepal Telecom with it’s backbone in Singapore. By the end of 1995, Mercantile had approximately 150 subscribers – most of them being the International Non-Governmental Organizations in Kathmandu.
WorldLink began internet services as around same time with duplex dial-up lines that dials in USA four times a day. It had around 60 subscribers by January 1996.
Nepalese in US began the publication of first online media on Oct 23, 1993 – The Nepal Digest. This continued for 449 issues and closed before it resumed publication again in 2003. On September 7, 1995 The Kathmandu Post went online on the University of Illinois website. It was joint effort of Mercantile Communications, the publication and Rajendra Shrestha, an engineering student who uploaded the news on his personal page provided by the university.
Himal Media started archiving it’s publication, Himal South Asia, in it’s own website himalsouthasia.com in 1997.
Mercantile established South-Asia.com in 1998 when it archived seven daily and weekly newspapers. The site however only gave the digital version of the printed publications. In 1999, it moved to NepalNews.com paving ways for more newspapers to put up their content on the cyberspace and the company also began serving it’s own news collected by the reporters it employed for the news portal.
Kantipur Publications established KantipurOnline.com on April 13, 2000. At initial phase, KantipurOnline.com employed reporters for news reporting. The site not only uploaded the digital version of its publications but also has their original contents with a few reporters working for it.
On December 15, 2002 Kamana Group of Publications began newsofnepal.com. Lately all broadsheet dailies along with weeklies and smaller media are available online.
Talking about weblog or blog, the first blogsite of Nepal, United We Blog, was established on October 1, 2004. The number of blog sites is also increasing rapidly because one can start it free of cost and without much of technical knowledge.
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